r/FIVcats Sep 09 '25

Research Corner: Studies on FIV and related topics.

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Hi community!

This post is a collection of scientific studies about FIV (and a few related topics). It’s not a complete list, just some of the most interesting and relevant ones some of us have been looking into, and we wanted to share with you.

A couple of notes:

  • Some studies may be outdated (meaning, there could be a newer study saying something different). Always check the publication date to put findings into context.
  • With that being said, if you’re aware of a newer or interesting study, feel free to share it in the comments. We’d love to keep this collection growing.
  • If you notice a broken link, please let us know so we can update it.
  • These are scientific papers, some very lengthy on top of that. That's why there's always an abstract and a conclusion. It's totally acceptable to just start there. If you want just one, I personally found the 2020 AAFP Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management Guidelines the easiest to digest and most helpful!
  • And most importantly: science is one thing, real life is another. Cats are individuals. If you’ve found something that works well for your floof, trust your instincts and your history with them.

This thread is here is simply meant as a resource for those who like to read the research behind the discussions we often have here.

On treatment, risks, and care:

Study of feline immunodeficiency virus prevalence and expert opinions on standards of care
Author(s): Nehring et al. (2024)
Source: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (Review)
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1098612X241245046
Summary: A comprehensive review outlining FIV’s progression from acute infection through latent stages to immunodeficiency or cancer-like conditions. Describes common clinical signs such as weight loss, stomatitis, chronic infections, and lymphadenopathy. References updated AAFP/ASV retrovirus management guidelines (2020), advising against euthanasia based solely on FIV status and recommending housing and monitoring strategies.

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in domestic pet cats in Australia and New Zealand: Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention and management
Author(s): Westman et al. (2022)
Source: Australian Veterinary Journal
URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/avj.13166
Summary: A region-specific review for Australia and New Zealand. Evaluates pathogenesis, diagnostics, vaccination outcomes, and management strategies. Highlights bite wounds as the main transmission route, male outdoor cats as highest risk, and increased risk of oral disease and lymphoma. Recommends validated POC antibody kits (Anigen Rapid™, Witness™) over PCR, notes low vaccine efficacy (~56%), and stresses that FIV is not a death sentence—management focuses on good husbandry and routine care.

2020 AAFP (American Association of Feline Practitioners) Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management Guidelines
Author(s): Little et al. (2020)
Source: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, Vol. 22, 5–30
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1098612X19895940
Summary: Evidence-based global guidelines for FIV testing and care. Bite wounds remain the main transmission route; household spread and vertical transmission are rare. Recommend POC antibody testing, confirmatory PCR/Western blot when needed, and cautious interpretation in kittens/vaccinated cats. FIV-positive cats can live normal lifespans with proper care. Vaccination (Fel-o-Vax FIV) is non-core, of variable efficacy, and not available in the US/Canada. Euthanasia should not be based on FIV status alone.

See additionally (or instead):
AAFP (American Association of Feline Practitioners) Educational Toolkit
URL: https://www.idexx.com/files/aafp-retrovirus-toolkit-full-april2020.pdf

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV): Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical findings in domestic cats (Felis catus) from southern Brazil
Author(s): de Mello et al. (2025)
Source: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Vol. 116, Jan 2025
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102285
Summary: Studied 366 cats in Caxias do Sul, Brazil (2021–2023). Found FIV prevalence of 7.1%. Positive cats were older (median 7 years), more likely to have outdoor access (OR 5.0), FeLV coinfection (OR 7.1), and chronic disease. Risks of lymphoma (9.9x) and anemia (7.6x) were much higher. Underscores importance of preventive care and FeLV control.

Feline immunodeficiency virus: current insights into pathogenesis, clinical impact, and advances in treatment and vaccine development
Author(s): Akhtar et al. (2025)
Source: Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol. 12, 2025
URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1665999
Summary: Comprehensive review of current FIV research covering epidemiology, transmission, disease mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development. Confirms that many FIV-positive cats remain healthy for years, while some develop secondary problems such as oral disease, chronic respiratory infections, kidney disease, neurological disorders, or lymphoma as immune function declines. Also reviews emerging antiviral therapies and immunomodulators, but concludes that no broadly effective vaccine currently exists and further research is needed to improve prevention and treatment.

On infection and co-living with other floofs:

Transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) among cohabiting cats in two cat rescue shelters
Author(s): Litster A. (2014)
Source: The Veterinary Journal, Vol. 201, Issue 2, August 2014
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.030
Summary: Investigated horizontal and vertical transmission in two rescue shelters. At Shelter 1, 138 cats cohabited (8 FIV-positive, 130 negative) with no new infections over nearly nine years. At Shelter 2, 5 FIV-positive queens produced 19 kittens, all negative. Concludes FIV spreads mainly via deep bites, not casual contact or maternal care.

Contrasting clinical outcomes in two cohorts of cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
Author(s): Bęczkowski et al. (2015)
Source: Veterinary Microbiology, Vol. 176, Issues 1–2, March 2015
URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4332694/
Summary: Prospective study of 44 FIV-positive cats in Chicago (small households) vs. Memphis (overcrowded rescue). Over 22 months, only 1/17 Chicago cats died, versus 17/27 Memphis cats (mostly from lymphoma). CD4:CD8 ratios and viral loads did not predict outcomes. Concludes management and housing conditions greatly influence progression.

On supplements:

Lysine supplementation is not effective for the prevention or treatment of feline herpesvirus 1 [NOT FIV!] infection in cats: a systematic review
Author(s): Bol & Bunnik (2015)
Source: BMC Veterinary Research, Vol. 11, Article 284
URL: https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-015-0594-3
Summary: Systematic review of seven cat studies and ten human studies. Found no evidence that lysine is effective against FHV-1. Lysine does not lower arginine in cats, and restricting arginine is dangerous. Some trials suggested lysine worsened disease. Authors recommend discontinuing lysine supplementation.

Oral Supplementation with L-Lysine Did Not Prevent Upper Respiratory Infection in a Shelter Population of Cats
Author(s): Rees & Lubinski (2008)
Source: Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery, Vol. 10, Issue 5, October 2008
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.03.00
Summary: Trial with 144 cats given lysine daily and 147 cats without supplementation. No difference in rates of conjunctivitis or URI between groups. Concludes lysine supplementation is ineffective at preventing URI in shelter cats.

Placebo effect in canine epilepsy trials
Author(s): Muñana KR, Zhang D, Patterson EE (2010)
Source: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Vol. 24(1), Jan–Feb 2010, pp. 166–170
URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4332694/
Summary: This meta-analysis reviewed three prospective placebo-controlled trials involving 34 dogs with epilepsy. Remarkably, 79% of dogs given placebo showed fewer seizures, and nearly 30% had a reduction of 50% or more. Average seizure reduction across trials ranged from 26–46%. The authors conclude that placebo responses are real and measurable in veterinary patients, underscoring the importance of controlled studies. While not about cats or FIV directly, this paper is relevant because many owners give supplements like L-Lysine despite a lack of proven antiviral effect. The placebo effect itself may still provide genuine benefit for pets and their caregivers, even when the substance isn’t pharmacologically effective.

Other studies/articles:

Pharmacological Inhibition of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Author(s): Mohammadi & Bienzle (2012)
Source: Viruses, Feline Retroviruses, Vol. 4(5): 708–724
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/5/708
Summary: Review of antiviral strategies against FIV, paralleling HIV therapies. AZT and PMEA/PMPA reduce viral load but AZT can cause anemia. Fozivudine offers short-term benefits before resistance develops. Fusion inhibitors and protease inhibitors show promise in vitro. Interferons have inconsistent benefit but are licensed in some regions. Highlights FIV as a model for testing HIV antivirals, though effective cat-specific ART is still lacking.

FIV as a Model for HIV/AIDS: An Overview
Author(s): Sparger (2006)
Source: In vivo Models of HIV Disease and Control. Infectious Diseases and Pathogenesis.
URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-25741-1_7
Summary: Reviews FIV biology and its parallels with HIV. Outlines three infection stages (acute, subclinical, clinical). While immune dysfunction occurs, opportunistic infections typical in AIDS are rare in cats. Concludes that FIV serves as a valuable HIV model, while many infected cats live normal lives depending on co-infections, genetics, and stressors.


r/FIVcats 9h ago

Picture My new FIV pal “Grey Boy”

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Still learning about him, his story, and his condition. After showing up in the neighborhood and successfully TNR, exam, and dental cleaning …he’s taken up residence. So installed a cat door to the temp controlled garage and plenty of healthy wet food. Now to research the care he may need as he’s showing lots sensitivity to his mouth/teeth/gums,
But has a healthy appetite!


r/FIVcats 1h ago

Cap has crossed the rainbow bridge

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After nearly a year long fight, my handsome man has passed.

I deleted my main, my alt will have to do.

Ty everyone for all of the help this past year, you are wonderful people, you really helped my stress levels if nothing else. I hope for the best for all of your kitties.

Ill add my final good Pic of my handsome little man. No judgement for him being outside please. He fought hard, he was so brave, his spirit wanted to but his body couldn't. I am absolutely fucking devastated. Hug your kitties tonight. Hard. And know captain will be at the other end of the bridge to welcome them.


r/FIVcats 2h ago

Question 10 yr old recently diagnosed and not doing well NSFW

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So as the title says my 10 yr old boy recently was diagnosed with FIV. He started refusing food and I noticed he was losing fur/lost a good bit of weight in a month. Vet gave me a very vague “you have maybe a few months left” answer but I am starting to feel I don’t have much longer with him and I am struggling on what to do. Have had him since he was a kitten. Suspected he contracted FIV from a cat that managed to get into the closed off area he is allowed in outside. All this to say I hate seeing my boy in the state that his body is in now and I feel like I failed him. How did you know it was time?


r/FIVcats 10h ago

Is it true that there really is no post-exposure prophylactic measures that can be taken after an FIV- cat is bitten by an FIV+ cat?

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Not even emerging evidence?


r/FIVcats 7h ago

FIV+ Cat Experiencing Nausea for 3 Days

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Reposting to try to reach more people


r/FIVcats 17h ago

How do you all keep track of vaccination records / vet history?

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Just switched vets after moving, and it turned into a whole thing trying to get Bella's records over. Turns out I had her rabies certificate as a photo on my old phone, her vet's number written on a random sticky note, and no idea when her last Bordetella shot actually was.

Made me realize I've never had a real system for this. Right now it's just a mix of paper in a drawer, a few photos in my camera roll, and hoping I remember stuff correctly when the vet asks.

How do you all manage it? Do you keep a physical folder, use an app, just rely on the vet's own records, or is everyone else also winging it like me 😅 Also curious — has this ever bitten you, like showing up for boarding or a flight and not having something you needed?


r/FIVcats 1d ago

Our FIV cat (roughly 10y/o) has just been diagnosed with Uveitis - does anyone else has experience with this?

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Short version - Lonny got a dark spot on his cornea. Went to vet right away, told to monitor as they didn't know what it was but weren't worried. He had an eye removed before we adopted him, vet said that was due to an injury so unrelated. A few weeks pass, notice a cloudy bit forming getting bigger, go back. Referred to ophthalmologist, appointment booked for just over a week later. In that time, cloudy bit gets bigger.

Went to Opthalmologist on friday. She runs some tests and says he has Uveitis which is in fact what he had in his other eye and why it had to be removed. She said it is almost definitely due to his FIV so not curable, just manageable

4x anti inflam and 1x pressure drops until our follow up in about 10 days. Then, hopefully, down to 2x inflam a day... forever (aka as long as he lives or the eye has to be removed).

I'm struggling a lot with this. The worry about losing his only eye. Much more limited cat sitter options. Difficulty getting the drops in, especially my partner. Having the reality of his FIV status suddenly hit us.

Would love to hear from others with similar experiences. Is there any chance we can move away from daily drops eventually? Is there an oral medication version? Any reassurance for freaking out cat mum is appreciated.


r/FIVcats 1d ago

Merissa + Theodore & Tuna 😸🐾 (@positively_theodore) • Instagram photos and videos

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Came across this account and thought it was good for those learning about FIV


r/FIVcats 2d ago

Picture Might be battling another respiratory infection, but I will always be a diva

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At times when I feel so bad for my baby boy, he manages to somehow crack me up


r/FIVcats 2d ago

Got a 2yr old cat his 1st vaccines

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A stray male cat came to us about 1-2 months ago and has recently been staying with us (won’t leave our side—practically adopted us). Yesterday we took him to the vet to get him vaccinated, and he got the following:

• felv/fiv test (Zoetis) rapid test

vaccines of:

Fvrcp felv booster and bi rv vaccine purevax 1yr rabies

Since he is an indoor-outdoor cat.

On the way to the vet, he was stressed, and when he was returned to us, he wasn’t showing any signs of stress. Once home, he ate a bit, went about his normal routine, and stayed indoors. This morning, he wanted to go out, and he was outside all day today, switching from different little spots to lie at & didn’t want to eat/drink anything when we put food out for him & when we picked him up, he yelled in pain from outside all the way to the room when we laid him on the bed. He is currently resting, but he is not himself. Is this normal? He tries to get into a donut position, but stops himself and decides to stretch himself out.

Any advice would be appreciated. His vet is closed until Tuesday, and there aren’t really any nearby emergency vets in my area. I’m giving him so much love and care, keeping water and food nearby, he seems to respond and purr and slowly move around, but not like his usual spunky self 😭


r/FIVcats 3d ago

Asking for encouraging words and advice ~1.5 yo ginger boy found us

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r/FIVcats 2d ago

Question New to FIV cats

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Hello! I am adopting an almost six year old neutered cat who is FIV+. This is my first experience with FIV. Tell me everything I need to know!


r/FIVcats 3d ago

can my cat still be saved?

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My older cat started to have this smell from his breath, drooling brown drool, wouldn't even when he wanted to, and also lost a lot of weight. Whenever he would try to eat, blood would come from mouth to one vet, and at first, they gave him antibiotics, and I fed him through a syringe, but he wouldn't get better. My cat was scheduled tooth extraction before they did any test, but I took him to a second vet. They ran test and bloodwork and said that my cat had fiv and also his liver and kidney issues. They said that I could hospitalize him for about a week and hope he gets better but it wasn't likely, flush out the toxins and give him antibiotic and anti-inflammatory shot, lastly to euthanize him. The vet said his condition was bad, I chose to do the flushing out plus shots to bring him home to be with him a while longer, but he still won't eat. I want to believe that he can be saved , but I don't want him to suffer when nothing can be done. At the same time, I don't want to give up and euthanize him if he can recover and also live longer while having a healthy and happy life. I don't know what to do

Edit: On a way home from the vet, the cay was active and meowing in his carrier, but now he seems low energy. Don't know if that will change in the morning.

Edit 2: I wanted to add my cat was an indoor and outdoor cat, but ineday he came in and just suddenly started being in this condition, he's older but he could still move around very well, run and climb trees. So that's why I think theirs a chance he could recover maybe. He wasn't sickly and was a fat cat about 2 weeks ago before everything happened

Edit 3: I have a feeling I may have to let him go, but I just want to know if there's any hope for him

Edt 4: My cat at a few links of delectable, but some ended up falling out his mouth. He ate some, but then he refused more and went back to sleep....


r/FIVcats 4d ago

Adopting an FIV+ rescue: advice?

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Hello everyone! My girlfriend and I are planning to adopt a cat soon, and our hearts fell for a 4 year-old baby in a nearby shelter that is getting very crowded. They posted on Facebook in hopes to get him adopted or else he would be moved farther away from a place he has grown comfortable in and has been in for much too long anyhow. He is FIV+. I’ve never had an FIV kitty, and while I’m still doing my own research while we wait for our meet and greet with him and hopefully bringing him home, I just wanted to drop a post here to see if anyone has any important tips or advice for us! :)) I’m thinking food brands that are healthy/good for FIV kitties, same with treats, any other things we should def have around the house for him—literally anything you think we MUST know! Like I said, we’re of course doing much research, but I’m trying to be as prepared and equipped as possible to give him the happy home like he deserves 🥹🫶🏻


r/FIVcats 4d ago

Question Oscar gets these ulcers on his nose NSFW

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Oscar came to live with me in April. We're not sure how old he is, he was at the shelter before. This is the second time he's gotten an ulcer like this, last time it scabbed over then got better. This time it seems to be taking a little longer, but is slowly getting better. Any thoughts what it could be? Is it like a herpes sore? He's under care of my amazing vet but I don't think we've addressed it directly, and it'll be a few weeks before he goes back in. Thanks!


r/FIVcats 4d ago

Question FIV+ Insurance/Money Managing?

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TL;DR: Looking for advice on how to help my kitty stay healthy and stay ahead of emergency bills. Ramble incoming, I'm very overwhelmed.

I'm 23M. My 3-yo TNR foster fail who's been with me about a year just tested FIV+. He's healthy, glossy, and strong, though with mild dental disease and a broken upper canine. He also has congestion issues and sneezes up huge globs of brownish-red snot (though it seems to be an allergy to dust... at least according to my vet). I got him tested to continue fostering, within the 14 days waiting period of starting my new pet insurance, because I didn't really think about how that works and really didn't think he'd be positive. Now it'll be a pre-existing condition. I really regret not waiting just 10 more days; then it'll have been covered, I think. I'm not sure about the technicalities there. It's just unfortunate circumstances and timing. I could've never found out until he got sick, or just later and had it be covered. But I wanted to do right by him and the foster kittens and ended up effectively shooting my coverage in its face. At least I think. Ugh.

In hindsight, maybe I should've guessed from the rescue I got him from being shady as hell and refusing all vet treatment even when I offered to pay and threatened to come take him back. I actually adopted him then to be legally able to get his upper respiratory infection, bad breath, diarrhea, eye discharge, and broken tooth checked. Since then, he just has congestion, and had a small spot of ringworm on his nose from some kittens I fostered from the shelter that were all-cleared... until they weren't. I think one of them caught ringworm at the shelter during her enucleation recovery period. But anyways, my boy always recovered fine. He's healthy as a horse now.

Anyways, that's all well and good... I cried myself a mess at the vet and even more when trying to get a human to speak to me on the insurance support line... But my cat 100% doesn't know and doesn't care and I'm trying to just stay positive, even though I'm terrified for him.

I'm a last-year senior at college and foster failing him after just one year was a difficult choice I made knowing the potential bills that came with it despite my own financial concerns, hence why I immediately bought Lemonade pet insurance (~$480 a year, plus $100 deductibles) for him. But now it seems like I ought to just cancel it since I'm still in waiting period (lol) and invest/high yield savings the money for whatever future issues may come up.

QUESTION IS HERE. What are you guys' strategies for securing your cats' vet bill money? Do any insurances still cover for FIV+? Are there ways to check how far their immune system damage has progressed? He has booster vaccines coming in 3 weeks, so I'll be at the vet then anyways and can request additional tests. Anything I can do to help him along? I was just told by the vet there's nothing I can do except just take care of his health as best as I can. Though she seemed sympathetic and didn't fear-mongre me, and said I could adopt FIV- or FIV+ down the line to keep him company just fine (though the urgent medical/behavioral fostering may need to stop, for my cat's safety).

Sorry for yap. I just found out last night and was a complete wreck. I've worked in foster and seen people do medical surrenders in shambles because they couldn't pay the bills for something like a urinary blockage. I'm terrified of facing that day. And just of seeing him get sick and weak and patchy and hidey, I guess. God. He's so, so athletic, the softest cat I've ever touched (he feels like suede!!), stands his ground even when he's terrified, and is super clingy to me and anxious when I'm not around. He's real big and he's smart as hell. Opens doors and cabinets. Learned his own name when I was fostering and didn't intend on name training to not confuse him. Learned to get on his hind legs and put his paws on my hips for cheek scritches when beckoned on his own. He has a slight attitude and nips softly when upset or overstimulated, which I just find so cute. He habitually presses himself flat when he loafs so I always check my blankets before flopping into bed. He's so full of personality. I love him so so so much. I'm so scared.


r/FIVcats 5d ago

Fuck this disease

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After 8 years of fighting, my little man is done. He fought hard. We will be helping him cross the rainbow bridge at home, so he is calm and with his sisters.

I hope someone can find a cure for FIV. This year he has been on antibiotics more frequently than he has been off them. He has been happy and fought hard until this week. He is done. I would love to get him a blood transfusion but I can tell his fight is over. I am devastated.

Hug your babies for me.


r/FIVcats 5d ago

Newly Diagnosed with FIV. I’m very confused and worried!!!

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You may have seen my previous post. BonBon is a stray 10 y/o cat I took in when she was clearly unwell. She is just back from the vets having had her remaining teeth removed and gotten a diagnosis of FIV. I have two other cats that as far as I know are FIV-. I’m getting contradictory information regarding FIV. Most people say that it’s only really transmitted via deep bites etc etc however the vet said that we could carry it on our clothes and shoes and via the bedding.
I was originally more worried that our indoor/outdoor cat could bring an illness to BonBon but the vet is more concerned about FIV being transmitted to our healthy cats who are also vaccinated.

I’m very confused and not sure if it’s best for BonBon to be rehomed to a home where she would be the only cat or in a FIV+ household.

Any advice is appreciated!


r/FIVcats 5d ago

10 year old adopted stray FIV positive

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Hi all, I just got the news that my 10 year old stray that I took in is FIV Positive. He’s currently having his 5 remaining teeth removed and has considerable ulcers in his mouth. The vets seem to be leaning towards euthanasia but I don’t know what the best thing to do is and I’d love you guys’ input. Currently waiting for his FELV result


r/FIVcats 6d ago

Question My cat is getting an MRI done soon

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Recently i found out my cat has FIV due to a flare up (very lethargic, wasn’t walking, not eating, limping) . He was on medication for the past 3 weeks so he did get a lot better but his walking is still off balance and he doesn’t seem 100% like himself. he’s getting an MRI done but i’m very nervous about it since he could have potential heart issues. is the MRI worth getting ?


r/FIVcats 7d ago

Tootsie eating

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Tootsie seems to be coming out of not eating. When we are at the vet she puts up such a fight that they cannot examine her mouth.

Recently I saw try to eat some dry trests off a plate. She would pick up treat put it in her mouth and drop it back on the plate.

Felt sorry for her so I took everything away.

Vent wants to do dental exam and cleaning under sedation.

Im not so sure. Here are some videos of Tootsie eating. Please watch them and tell me if you see any signs of mouth trouble Im soaking all dry food b4 she gets it.

She lost some weight 10.74 from 11.1 b4.

If we hsve to do the dental I want her to be fully get snd fatter b4 doing any such procedure.

She chews fine but once in a whie turn her head up and looks like shes biting down hard.


r/FIVcats 7d ago

Tootsie eating again

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Trying to capture the headturning. Is her mouth ok?


r/FIVcats 7d ago

Beef loves the baby spinach box that I brought home from Costco

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This guy is the best. I took him in as a stray earlier this year and he’s the biggest snuggle bug around ☺️ just thought I’d share a pic of my fiv bb, snuggling his favorite stuffed animal


r/FIVcats 7d ago

How to avoid feline virus?

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Im 22 from ph my cat died yesterday at vet because of that disease im a first time fur parent too and if next time if im ready to get a new kitten i just want tips how to avoid any sickness and especially that virus thank you and pls respect post