So i had a question,but i might be judged for asking it and i may even regret asking this,but im too curious so im gonna ask it anyway.But to ask this question i feel i need to give some context as to why i am asking it. I was in the shower and got the urge to pee.but the piss did not come out of my penis, so i sprayed it with warm water.But i wondered;

When i spray warm water on my penis, does the outside expand and the inside channel gets larger, or does the outside not expand but the inside does and it shrinks the channel.

I know, insanely stupid question but im really curious.

I work in a BSL2 lab that will be using lots of HBV at a concentration of 4.5e9 GE/mL. I wanted to calculate the viral load of this in context to what is naturally found in an infected patient's blood measured in IU/mL.

HBV 1U = 5.6 copies/GE

High patient viral load = >20,000 IU/mL

Patient HBV concentration: 1.12e5 GE/mL

4.5e9/1.12e5 = 40,178X more concentrated than patient blood?

Is this calculation correct? If so, does this change the nature of working with such high concentrations in a BSL2 (taking enhanced precautions - BSL2+) environment due to aerosols despite this being a blood borne pathogen?

Thanks for any insight or guidance on this topic

Just plain ad it is would be there any negative after math for us as a human race if we wiped out mosquitos.

Have you ever wonder that "why can birds fly?" or "how can they fly?".It can be heard a easy question but in reality is too difficult to answer. I believe that because we are a normal person, we dont have a magic and also wings to fly. In addition, we are heavier than birds. If we can fly?, where we will take a shit? A throne, everywhere, or even on the someone's hair.?Thanks for reading my post, hope you having a good day❤🤪

Does every single thing inside a cell of any organism have a discernible purpose, or is there also debris all around the cells ecosystem? Are there any random things the microorganisms/viruses/etc have random interactions with that are irrelevant to the cells broader "purpose"? Or to make the question simpler, does any randomness or chaos happen inside cell world?

Maybe this is not only about biology but I think is a good question :)

Hi!

Biology is not my specialty by any means, so I have come to reddit for help with my worldbuilding project!

In a world I'm writing, there are a type of plants which use a fictional energy source (call it soul, magic, mana, ect.) This characteristic is found in trees, flowers, and grasses, and I am stuck wondering if its a unique enough aspect to appear in a taxonomy rank.

Thing is I'm not sure if its important enough for that as carnivorous plants are unique among most plants, and yet they evolved the trait completely separately. If I did want a number of trees to have evolved the trait from a common ancestor, what rank would make the most sense to have this characteristic associated with it?

Very sorry at how this was phrased. Anyway, thanks!

Anything?

So we all know of the old myth that Stegosaurus had a secondary brain/ big clump of neurons to help swing its massive tail. Obviously it didn't exist, but if it did, what would be the logistics of having a second brain in the lower body? Would there be a system of blood vessels just for the second brain? What would happen if it had a stroke? How would this structure even evolve?

Excuse me because of my lack of chemistry knowledge in case this is really obvious.

If the link reaction from pyruvate to an acetyl group (then acetyl-CoA) requires reduction of NAD+ and decarboxylation, where does the hydrogen come in? Because if pyruvate is C3H3O3- then why does the acetate still have 3 hydrogens? I think this is because it doesn't remove the hydrogens that are part of the methyl group (CH3), but there's no other hydrogen in pyruvate to remove. Then how can reduction of NAD+ happen?

Like I find this fascinating. When people fight, for instance in MMA, kicks and punches seem to not do any damage, or at least serious damage. It just bounces off the fighter. What if said fighter had a lot less muscle? Would those same kicks/punches inflict serious damage?

This is obviously accounting for already flexed muscle. Relaxed muscle wouldn't do much, unless its really thick.

When I try this on myself, like I hit my bicep, it hurts a lot when not flexed. But when I flex it and hit it again, my punch bounces off and my bicep absorbs the hit and I end up feeling less pain.

Also, what about blood vessels and capillaries? The human body seemingly takes blunt attacks without breaking.

When an area gets hit over and over again, callouses form on the skin. The bone remodels and becomes denser, maybe thicker. But the muscles don't seem to change. Do they become tougher in any way?

If I have bad breath I can’t smell it but other people can while inhaling. Or if I burp with my mouth closed and exhale it through my nose, I can’t smell it until I inhale. Why?

Edit: my question is meant to be gauged towards chemical feasibility/utility; I understand many proteases and cell types have in reality evolved for acidic digestion. Assuming proteases and cell types could have evolved for an alkaline environment, is there a root necessity acidic conditions are advantageous over basic ones or could it be reversed

Hi

In the tabletop game I run are an elementally-infused people known as the Maridians or the Jann. These are the classical Greek elements of earth, air, fire and water. Unusually so, they are blue skinned and get lighter are they age.

And relevant to my question is that the Jann have blue blood. My question is this, how will their bodies change colour during exercise?

My knowledge: minerals other than iron can bind in the blood, and in the real world case of octopodes, they use copper or some similar mineral in binding. However I haven't exactly seen an octopus get puffed out from exercise.

Thanks for your time.

hi guys! For my high school biology class, I have to make a research project on any topic in biology of our interest. I want to choose something creative and unusual, or at least something which will be fun for me to research. I am an aspiring marine biologist sooo anything in that feild would be cool, but I would love to get suggestions on anything that fascinates u personally. Thanks!

Learning about development and I am really confused about the way cells migrate to form the notochord. The videos I’ve watched haven’t been answering my specific questions about the details of this process.

I have learned that the anterior notochord is formed from cells ingressing through the primitive pit whereas the posterior notochord is formed from cells that ingressed through the primitive groove. I understand that the primitive node migrates posteriorly throughout gastrulation and eventually forms the anal region.

What I don’t understand is the timing of this process. So, when cells start ingressing through the primitive pit, has all ingression through the primitive groove already stopped? Does the primitive node/pit just skip over the posterior region of the notochord that is formed by cells that already went through the groove? Or are these things happening simultaneously?

Finally, when sources talk about the primitive node forming the anal region, obviously this happens much later. Do they mean that it forms the cloacal plate for now? How does this occur?

I know I am getting caught up in these details and need to move on with my studying, but I’m just not getting it lol. Any help would be appreciated!

Even since childhood, what exactly about chocolate would it be that stands out from candy as condensed sugar?

Would it be the fat content, caffeine or something else in cacao?

Hi everyone,

I know that this is probably not the most common sub for the questions to get asked. And maybe none of you will be able to provide me with any answers but I'll still try.

I have a few questions regarding the Bachelor's degree in Biological Sciences and would love to get some feedback or advice from current students, alumni, or anyone familiar with the program.

1. Are the math and physics courses manageable for someone who isn't particularly strong in these subjects?
2. What kind of Master's programs can this Bachelor's degree lead to?
3. Does this degree only prepare you for a career in research, or are there other professional career paths available?